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By Edgar Allan Poe (1809-1849) A Study Guide |
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Background Notes Compiled by Michael J. Cummings..© 2005 Setting The story opens in the cell of a prisoner the day before he is to be executed by hanging. After introducing himself to readers as a man who underwent a horrifying experience, the prisoner writes down the details of this experience, which led to his imprisonment and scheduled execution. The events in his tale are set at his home and in a tavern. Although these events take place over several years, the recounting of these events in writing takes place on a single day in the narrator's prison cell. Characters .......The Narrator, a prisoner scheduled for execution. His loathing of a cat he once loved leads to his commission of a capital crime. .......The Narrator's Wife, a woman of agreeable disposition who likes animals and obtains many pets for her husband. .......First Black Cat, a cat named Pluto that loves the narrator but irritates him when it follows him everywhere. .......Second Black Cat, a cat that resembles the first black cat and may be a reincarnation of the latter–or so the narrator may think. .......Policemen, officers who investigate the happenings at the home of the narrator. .......Servant, Person working in the narrator's household. Type of Work Short story in the horror genre that focuses on the psyche of the narrator. Poe was one of the developers of the short story as a literary genre. He defined a short story as a narrative prose work that (1) is short enough to be read in one sitting, (2) takes place in one locale on a single day, (or even in a few hours), (3) centers on a single line of action, and (4) maintains a single mood. Every word or phrase should contribute to the theme and the mood. Time of Publication and Writing "The Black Cat" was first published on August 19, 1843, in The Saturday Evening Post, then known as The United States Saturday Post. It was written in 1842. Themes (1) A human being has a perverse, wicked side–another self–that can goad him into doing evil things that have no apparent motive. The narrator himself admits that a perverse, primitive impulse–a desire to do evil even though he had no explanation for doing it other than overindulging in wine–triggered his violent behavior. (2) Heavy drinking can bring out the worst in a human being. Alcohol abuse alone did not cause the narrator to strike out. But, as he readily acknowledges, it certainly put him in a foul mood. (3) A weak, unbalanced human psyche may be highly vulnerable to the power of suggestion. The narrator's wife had suggested, apparently in jest, that Pluto was a witch in disguise. (4) Evil deeds invite vengeance. Pluto gets even, the narrator indicates, by causing the fire that burns down the narrator's house. And, if the second cat is indeed Pluto reincarnated, Pluto sweetens his revenge by alerting police with his crying behind the wall hiding the corpse of the narrator's wife. (5) Fear of discovery can bring about discovery. At the end of the story, the narrator's strange behavior makes the police suspicious of him. Narration (Point of View) First-person unreliable. The narrator is obviously deranged, readers learn during his telling of his tale, even though he declares at the outset "mad am I not." He tells readers that excessive drinking helped to bring on his erratic, violent behavior. (It may be that the drinking worsened an existing mental condition.) The narrator tells his story as he sees it from his demented point of view. As in many of his other short stories, Poe does not name the narrator. A possible explanation for this is that the unnamed narrator becomes every human being, thereby enhancing the universality of the short story. In other words, the narrator represents anyone who has ever acted perversely or impulsively–and then had to pay for his deed. Allusion and Symbolism The narrator names the first black cat Pluto. In ancient Roman mythology, Pluto was the King of the Underworld, ruling over the abode of the dead. In Greek mythology, on which the Romans based their mythology, Pluto was called Hades. Pluto the cat, thus, seems to symbolize death to the narrator. That he gave the cat this name suggests that he thought it a sinister creature from the moment he first saw it. Foreshadowing The narrator's scheduled execution on the gallows is foreshadowed first by the narrator's hanging of Pluto, next by the outline of the dead cat on the wall (after the fire), and finally by the outline of the gallows on the white hair of the second black cat. Irony After the narrator cuts out Pluto's eye, the cat sees better–figuratively. Previously, the cat loved and trusted the narrator, following him around, climbing into his lap, and licking his hands. But after the cat loses an eye, it sees the narrator for what he is–an unpredictable, dangerous man. It gains insight that it lacked before. Poe's Frequent Use of Anaphora Anaphora is a figure of speech in which a word or phrase is repeated at the beginning of a clause or another group of words. Anaphora imparts emphasis and balance. Here are boldfaced examples from "The Black Cat":
I experienced a sentiment half of horror, half of remorse. . . . It was this unfathomable longing of the soul to vex itself–to offer violence to its own nature–to do wrong for the wrong's sake only –that urged me to continue and finally to consummate the injury I had inflicted upon the unoffending brute. Author Edgar Allan Poe was born on January 19, 1809, in Boston. After being orphaned at age two, he was taken into the home of a childless couple–John Allan, a successful businessman in Richmond, Va., and his wife. Allan was believed to be Poe’s godfather. At age six, Poe went to England with the Allans and was enrolled in schools there. After he returned with the Allans to the U.S. in 1820, he studied at private schools, then attended the University of Virginia and the U.S. Military Academy, but did not complete studies at either school. After beginning his literary career as a poet and prose writer, he married his young cousin, Virginia Clemm. He worked for several magazines and joined the staff of the New York Mirror newspaper in 1844. All the while, he was battling a drinking problem. After the Mirror published his poem “The Raven” in January 1845, Poe achieved national and international fame. Besides pioneering the development of the short story, Poe invented the format for the detective story as we know it today. He also was an outstanding literary critic. Despite the acclaim he received, he was never really happy because of his drinking and because of the deaths of several people close to him, including his wife in 1847. He frequently had trouble paying his debts. It is believed that heavy drinking was a contributing cause of his death in Baltimore on October 7, 1849. Plot
Summary
.......“Tomorrow,
I die,” says the narrator, who is in a prison cell awaiting execution.
Then he tells about the horrifying events that led up to his death sentence.
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