Cummings Study Guide

.........William Shakespeare's "The Phoenix and the Turtle" is a poem that may be characterized as both an allegory and an elegy. An allegory is a literary work with a hidden meaning (and sometimes several hidden meanings). An elegy is a somber poem lamenting a person's death or memorializing the dead person.

Publication

.........“The Phoenix and the Turtle” appeared in a 1601 book that also included works by Shakespeare contemporaries Ben Jonson (1572-1637), George Chapman (1559-1634), and John Marston (1576-1634).

What Was a Phoenix?

.........In Egyptian mythology, the phoenix was a bird that lived five hundred years, then died in a fire after the sun ignited an Arabian tree on which the phoenix was perched. The tree was located near Heliopolis, Egypt. From the ashes, the phoenix rose to new life. The turtledove is a small pigeon sometimes erroneously referred to as a mourning dove because of its melancholy cooing. (The mourning dove is native to America, not Europe.)

The Turtle

.........The turtle is a turtledove, an affectionate wild dove known for its plaintive cooing.

Meaning of the Poem

.........The hidden, or symbolic, meaning of “The Phoenix and the Turtle” is open to interpretation. In other words, what or whom the birds symbolize is a matter for the reader to decide. Some readers believe the birds represent Queen Elizabeth I and the Second Earl of Essex, Robert Devereux (1566 or 1567-1601). Devereux had distinguished himself in a military campaign in The Netherlands against the Spanish in 1586 and went on to become a favorite of the queen. But he provoked her ire when he took part in a Portugal campaign without her consent and then, in 1590, married the widow of writer Sir Philip Sidney (1554-1586).
.........However, he regained her favor after leading an English force against France in 1591 and enhanced his position at court by uncovering an alleged murder plot against the queen in 1594. But after he participated in further military exploits against the Spanish in 1596 and 1597, he fell in disfavor because of his unruliness and ambition, and on one occasion the queen even slapped him. On a campaign against rebels in Ireland, he suffered a defeat and made an objectionable truce. Consequently, Elizabeth stripped him of his estates and political offices. In 1601, he led a failed uprising against the queen and was executed for treason in the Tower of London.
.........Interpreted against this background, the poem could mean that the love between Elizabeth and Essex simply burned itself out, like the phoenix and the dove in the poem. However, distinguished critic G.B. Harrison, editor of Shakespeare: The Complete Works maintains that the exact meaning of the poem (if one was intended by Shakespeare) may never be revealed because its symbolism was apparently known only to a select inner circle in Shakespeare’s time. “Until these persons and events are discovered,” Harrison says, “The Phoenix and the Turtle will remain an enigma” (Shakespeare: The Complete Works. New York: Harcourt, 1952. Page 1590).

.

.........In Shakespeare's poem, the birds become one in their love and die together in a fire. The poem begins when other birds are summoned for a funeral pageant. Banned from attending are the fiendish screech owl (Stanza 2) and “fowls of tyrant wing” (Stanza 3). But the eagle, a “feathered king” (Stanza 3) is welcome, and a swan is to act as “the priest in surplice white” (Stanza 4). The crow, too, may attend (Stanza 5), his caws and sable feathers appropriate to the occasion. The poem then describes the loving relationship between the phoenix and the turtledove. Stanza 9 is particularly moving; its last line–either was the other’s mine–is superb with its double-meaning. On the one hand, it suggests a fusing of identities: I am you, and you are I; or, put another way, you are mine, and I am yours. On the other hand, it suggests that either bird is a mine–as in gold mine or diamond mind–for the other bird.
The poem ends with a "threnos" (funeral song) eulogizing the birds.
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Let the bird of loudest lay,¹
On the sole Arabian tree,
Herald sad and trumpet be,
To whose sound chaste wings obey....................4

But thou, shriking²harbinger,³
Foul pre-currer⁴of the fiend,
Augur of the fever's end,
To this troop come thou not near.........................8

From this session interdict⁵
Every fowl of tyrant wing,
Save the eagle, feather'd king:
Keep the obsequy⁶so strict...............................12

Let the priest in surplice⁷white,
That defunctive⁸music can,
Be the death-divining⁹swan,
Lest the requiem lack his right...........................16

And thou, treble-dated crow,¹⁰
That thy sable gender mak'st
With the breath thou giv'st and tak'st,
'Mongst our mourners shalt thou go....................20

Here the anthem doth commence:
Love and constancy is dead;
Phoenix and the turtle fled
In a mutual flame from hence.............................24

So they lov'd, as love in twain
Had the essence but in one;
Two distincts, division none:
Number there in love was slain...........................28

Hearts remote, yet not asunder;
Distance, and no space was seen
'Twixt the turtle and his queen;
But in them it were a wonder..............................32

So between them love did shine,
That the turtle saw his right
Flaming in the phoenix' sight:
Either was the other's mine................................36

Property¹¹was thus appall'd,
That the self was not the same;
Single nature's double name
Neither two nor one was call'd............................38

Reason, in itself confounded,
Saw division grow together;
To themselves yet either-neither,
Simple were so well compounded.......................42

That it cried how true a twain
Seemeth this concordant one!
Love hath reason, reason none
If what parts can so remain................................46

Whereupon it made this threne¹²
To the phoenix and the dove,
Co-supreme and stars of love;
As chorus to their tragic scene...........................48

THRENOS.

Beauty, truth, and rarity.
Grace in all simplicity,
Here enclos'd in cinders lie.................................51

Death is now the phoenix' nest;
And the turtle's loyal breast
To eternity doth rest,..........................................54

Leaving no posterity:—
'Twas not their infirmity,
It was married chastity.......................................57

Truth may seem, but cannot be:
Beauty brag, but 'tis not she;
Truth and beauty buried be.................................60

To this urn let those repair
That are either true or fair;
For these dead birds sigh a prayer......................63

Notes

1....lay: Song, voice.
2....shriking: Said of a shrike, a predatory bird with a hooked beak—in this case, an owl.
3....harbinger: Herald of doom.
4....pre-currer: Precursor, forerunner.
5....interdict: Forbid, ban, block.
6....obsequy: Funeral rite.
7....surplice: White, loose-fitting garment worn over a cassock by priests and altar boys.
8....defunctive: Having to do with the dead; for the dead.
9....death-divining swan: Swan that prophesies death in its song.
10..treble-dated crow: Long-living crow. According to an ancient belief, a crow lived three times as long as a human being.
11..Property: Proper individuality. It was not proper for one individual to become part of another.
12..threne: funeral song, dirge.

Figures of Speech

Following are examples of figures of speech in the poem.

Alliteration

Let the bird of loudest lay (line 1)

Be the death-divining swan (line 15)

That it cried how true a twain (line 43)

Truth and beauty buried be (line 60)

Metaphor

Let the bird of loudest lay,
On the sole Arabian tree,
Herald sad and trumpet be
Comparison of the bird to a herald and a trumpet

Paradox

Distance, and no space was seen (line 30)

Themes

.......The main theme of the poem is the intense love that binds two creatures to each other, turning them into a single being. A secondary theme is the sadness that pervades the poem.

Rhyme

.......In each of the four-line stanzas (quatrains), the last line rhymes with the fourth; the second line rhymes with the third. The first stanza demonstrates the pattern.

Meter

.......There are seven syllables in each line. The stress falls on the first, third, fifth, and seventh syllables, as the second stanza indicates:

FOUL pre-CURrer OF the fiend,

AUgur of the FEver's end,

TO this troop come THOU not near..

.......1.................2.............3............4
FOUL pre-..|..CUR rer..|..OF the..|..fiend,

.....1............2............3...........4
AU gur..|..of the..|..FE ver's..|..end,

.....1................2...................3..............4
TO this..|..troop come..|..THOU not..|..near..

1...Write a short poem that imitates the rhyme scheme of "The Phoenix and the Turtle." The topic is open.
2...Write a short poem that imitates the metric scheme of "The Phoenix and the Turtle." The topic is open.
3...Write an essay that informs the reader about ancient myths involving the phoenix.
4...In your opinion, what is the meaning of lines 55-57: